The Middle Ages · School
Scholasticism
The method of the medieval universities, reconciling faith and reason through dialectic; begun by Anselm, perfected by Aquinas.
Representative figures · 6
Anselm of Canterbury安瑟伦
Father of scholasticism, who proposed the ontological argument: that than which nothing greater can be conceived must exist.
Peter Abelard阿伯拉尔
The sharpest logician of the twelfth century, a conceptualist on universals, and through his tragedy with Héloïse the most famous man of the Middle Ages.
Maimonides迈蒙尼德
The greatest Jewish philosopher of the Middle Ages, who reconciled the Torah with Aristotle in the Guide for the Perplexed.
Thomas Aquinas托马斯·阿奎那
The summit of scholasticism, who rebuilt Christian theology with Aristotle; the Summa Theologiae is the grandest edifice of medieval thought.
John Duns Scotus邓斯·司各脱
'The Subtle Doctor', who proposed the univocity of being and the notion of haecceity, placed will above intellect, and opened a second road for scholasticism.
William of Ockham奥卡姆的威廉
Nominalist author of 'do not multiply entities beyond necessity', who separated theology from philosophy and paved the way for modern empiricism and the separation of church and state.