Ancient Greece & Rome · School
Stoicism
Taught living in accord with nature's rational order, distinguishing what is in our control from what is not; virtue is the only good.
Representative figures · 6
Zeno of Citium芝诺（季蒂昂）
Shipwrecked into philosophy, founded Stoicism under a painted colonnade in Athens, teaching that virtue is the only good and that one should live in accord with nature.
Chrysippus克吕西波
The second founder of Stoicism, author of over seven hundred books, who built propositional logic and defended the compatibility of fate and freedom.
Cicero西塞罗
Rome's greatest orator, who rendered Greek philosophy into Latin and gave Europe its philosophical vocabulary.
Seneca塞涅卡
Nero's tutor and one of Rome's richest men, who taught in his letters how to face death and fortune, and died by imperial order.
Epictetus爱比克泰德
From slave to Stoic teacher, he taught that only one thing is in our control: our own judgements.
Marcus Aurelius马可·奥勒留
The philosopher-emperor who wrote the Meditations, addressed to himself alone, in army camps on the Danube frontier.